***Fair warning that this post might not be everyone's cup of tea. I geek out a bit describing the history of some of the places we went to and it is a bit darker than usual as I detail our visit to Auschwitz. ***
Poland in the winter might not be on the top of anyone else's list of must see locations. It is bloody cold and very grey.
Hell, Poland might not be on many lists even in the summer. While it has a pretty downtown core, there are other cities with more beautiful architecture or more well defined culture. In fact when I laid out my proposed plan for our road trip Cory and Dad both read through it and went... fine, fine, fine, Poland? Why Poland. I don't really blame them, it added a lot of driving to our trip and made it a much more ambitious undertaking. But when I set out for this year of travel Poland was the top of my list of places I wanted to go and it remained high atop that list to the point where I designed the entire trip to ensure that we made it there.
So why Poland? With its mostly modern and not so impressive architecture? With not a whole lot of well known tourist attractions? Way out of the way? - Simple answer: The history. Poland is the city of uprising. Where other countries and cities gave in or went along with the flow, Poland fought back, often at a great cost.
We all learn history at some point in high school, but what really got me interested in the history of Poland specifically was a book. Exodus - by Leon Uris. I can't recommend it enough. In his many books, Leon Uris takes interesting historical events and time periods and writes them through the eyes of fictional characters who are loosely based on real people. In his books you get a healthy dose of historical facts as they apply to his characters lives making the history so much more than dates and statistics. It becomes impactful and memorable. Exodus for example focuses on the creation of Israel as a nation, but in doing so it weaves together the back story of many different Jewish people coming from different backgrounds. Without ruining the book - because I really hope you read it. One of the characters is born in Warsaw and grows up in the Jewish ghetto during the second world war.
Everyone knows the different atrocities of the holocaust carried out in all the countries occupied by the Third Reich. We see pictures of Jews being carted off to slaughter, seemingly helpless to the German forces.
Remaining walls of the Jewish Ghetto. Here Jews were sorted and either returned to the ghetto to work or put on a train to a "work camp" |
Memorial to Warsaw Jews. Built in the shape of a railway cattle car. |
But they did not always go quietly. Some Jews in the Warsaw ghetto heard what happens in the so called "work camps." They knew what awaited them at the end of the railway tracks and some of them decided they would rather die fighting then be herded like cattle to the slaughter and thus the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943 was born. Exodus attempts to give a first hand, account of the Jewish resistance movement inside the Ghetto. It vividly tells the tale of brave men and women fighting room to room, crawling through the sewers to escape gassing, creating weapons out of anything available all to survive and fight.
From a strictly tactical perspective the Ghetto uprising is not all that impressive, they lost in the end. But really they had nothing to lose. And despite being half starved, out numbered and out armed, those remaining in the Ghetto were able to repel the German forces when they entered to take the next round of Jews for "resettlement". The Germans retreated, reinforced and returned ready to fight. The determined Ghetto Jews held out for a whole month fighting to the last man and woman. Literally to the last man and woman. The remains of a bunker in the picture below was the last reinforcement held by the Jewish resistance army. When they were surrounded and out of ammunition they chose to kill each other with their last few bullets rather than be captured. This is the monument to the last brave fighters.
The cornered, trapped Jews with nothing to lose were not the only Polish people to revolt and fight the Germans. The citizens of Warsaw had a lot more to lose and a lot less to gain but they too rebelled nearly a year later in the summer of 1944. They hoped to expel the German army and retain their independence. World War 2 formally began with German forces invading Poland in 1939. Many other countries would also be invaded in the ensuing months and years. Most of these countries had underground resistance armies but as a whole the country went along to get along. In 1944 Warsaw, sensing that the end of the war might be near and allied forces nearby, decided to fight for their independence. The Warsaw uprising was the largest military resistance movement by an occupied nation during the second world war.
Arm bands identifying polish fighters |
Like the Jewish uprising the Warsaw civilians were badly outnumbered and outgunned by the occupying German army. In a city wide effort they engaged in intense fighting street by street, building by building and successfully expelled the Germans from most of the city. The poles held out for 63 days but lacked supplies and eventually began to give territory back. The help they were hoping for from the nearby Soviet troops never came (conveniently) and eventually the polish forces surrendered with the agreement that the polish resistance soldiers and civilians be treated in accordance with the Geneva convention for POWs. Unfortunately this agreement was not honored by the Germans and in the following weeks around 200,000 polish civilians were mass executed or sent to their death at concentration camps. Although 25% of the city had already been destroyed by the fighting the Germans set out to systematically destroy the rest as a message to other occupied cities and countries. When the Germans were finally finished over 85% of the city lay in rubble and ashes and its resilient, rebellious people had been expelled and nearly destroyed.
The museum had a very cool 3d film where you could fly over the city and see the ruins |
With this history in mind it adds a whole new level of appreciation to walking through the downtown core of Warsaw. The city of Warsaw that we see today literally rose from the ashes. The Polish government actually considered leaving the city in its ruined state as a memorial but shortly after the war Poles returned to the city and began rebuilding. The old town center was painstakingly rebuilt to be a perfect recreation of the city before the war. Every colorful building, the royal palace, the houses, practically everything has been rebuilt within the last 60 years. In fact it was such a good recreation that the old town city center was named a UNESCO world heritage sight. Small things exist to remind you that this is not the Warsaw that existed before the war. On the city wall for example is a black line signifying the old wall from the newly built portion, The palace garden is outlined by fallen columns from the old palace, and dispersed throughout the city are different memorials to the civilians who played roles in the uprising.
On our third day in Poland we headed out of Warsaw and drove a few hours south to visit the town of Oswiecim, or as it is better known today for the concentration and death camps Auschwitz I, Auschwitz II-Birkenau and Auschwitz III. At the beginning of the second world war German invaders were looking for a place to establish a prison for polish political prisoners. In the polish town of Oswiecim they found old army barracks and a small town around it. They ousted all nearby civilians and this now isolated area was renamed in German (Oswiecim --> Auschwitz) and would become perhaps the site most associated with the holocaust. With later facilities designed solely for mass extermination, Auschwitz was the transport hub and final resting place for an estimated 1.5 million victims of the holocaust.
I had been to a concentration camp in Dachau, Germany, years ago. This camp was a smaller and used for political prisoners as well as Jews. It was not built originally as an extermination camp. The first Auschwitz camp started off this way as well. It had just 16 single story barracks each of which could house up to a thousand people crammed inside. The camp expanded and the Germans added a second story to each barrack before building many more barracks, a second and third camp and over 48 small nearby satellite camps.
Auschwitz I |
You can see the addition of a second story in the brick work |
Walking through the first camp we learned of the horrendous living conditions and the cruelty of the guards there. The camp inhabitants were often made to stand at roll call for long periods of time just for sport. 19 hours was the record apparently. We toured the prison barracks where people were singled out for interrogation and torture or just punished for breaking camp rules. I can't even fathom the kind of person who would design this building with its cells made to purposely suffocate the inhabitant, or designed so you had to stay standing all night. Right next to the prison barrack was the "hospital" barrack where some Germans used prisoners for their sickening experiments. And if the people somehow didn't die under those conditions the firing wall was located conveniently between the two .
When he final solution to the Jewish problem was adopted they needed a more effective way to exterminate the Jewish race. A gas chamber was built on the grounds of Aushcwitz.
Then 4 more gas chambers at Auschwitz-Birkenau, a camp designed specifically for one purpose. Kill as many as possible, as quickly as possible. Much of Birkenau, including the gas chambers, was destroyed by the Germans at the end of the war in an attempt to hide their crimes. We traveled out to see the grounds of Birkenau and it made the first camp look tiny. For miles all you could see were barracks, or what used to be barracks.
It was sobering to stand at the point of entrance to Birkenau. The place where train cars arrived after 7-10 days of travel with over 100 people crammed in a cattle car. Those still alive would quickly be sorted here.
Those sorted to the right entered the camp to live for at least a little longer. The average lifespan in the camps was less than 3 months due to hard work and horrendous conditions. Here are the original bunks inside one of the barracks. Up to five people slept in each tier. The strongest on top and weakest on the bottom.
Add caption |
About the size of a double bed |
There was only one set of toilets for thousands of people. Each person got a strictly enforced 3 seconds to use it. There was no plumbing and the latrines had to be cleaned by hand with the excrement moved to a different location. Apparently this was a "desirable job" as it was indoors, sociable and not really monitored well.
Those sorted to the left made the journey further down these rail way tracks to the "showers". Birkenau was built and designed to kill efficiently and without mass panic. Its chambers that could kill 2000 at one time were hidden behind a ring of trees or deep in the forest so people couldn't see what they were heading to. Although I very much doubt that they were oblivious to the smell.
end of the tracks |
Remains of a crematorium |
Remains of a gas chamber |
What really got to me was the exhibits they have inside some of the barracks. They saved artifacts from when the camp was liberated although I use the word "artifacts" with a bit of disgust.
The first room we walked into was end to end of the large barrack and filled entirely with with human hair. Pony tails, braids, loose, ... brown, black,...etc. Apparently it was common practice to shave the heads of Jewish people after they were killed and this hair was sold and turned into things such as rugs and other fabric based things. We weren't allowed to take pictures in this room but take my word for it the size was truly nauseating. The amount of people needed to make that pile of hair, well I don't even want to do the math, and I am sure it was not even close to a portion of what was collected during the camps operation.
The exhibits continued on....
Piles of glasses...
Piles of shoes and then even worse piles of children's shoes...
Piles of suitcases....
Piles of prosthetic legs and crutches
Handicapped and injured people were guaranteed to go to the left |
Piles of cooking instruments...
And then piles of empty Zyklon B gas canisters...
one of these could kill thousands of people |
These rooms are a moving and effective reminder of the million plus people who disappeared into the gas chambers and crematoriums at Auschwitz and Birkenau and then had their ashes dumped into mass pits such as this one.
Unfortunately not everyone seemed to quite grasp the significance of the rooms that we were in. While most people were busy doing horrific calculations in their head of just how many people belonged to all those shoes or all that hair, this idiot felt the need to take a selfie with every single exhibit. I am not a massive selfie fan but I can appreciate there is a time and place.... this was not it. Not at all. In my mind visiting Auschwitz is not really about you being there. It is not about making sure you are in the picture with a gas chamber or the entrance gates. Its about what happened there, remembering those who lived there and died there.
Your smiling face doesn't need to be in a picture with the shoes of thousands of dead children. Period.
While it doesn't make for a pleasant or light day trip, I think everyone should take the time to visit Auschwitz. This year in particular is the 70th anniversary of the liberation and in a few days on the 27th it is expected that around 300 of the remaining survivors of the camp will return to mark the anniversary, many of whom have undertaken a project to share their stories. Our tour guide explained that no one is really sure the number of survivors still alive as many have never returned or come forward desiring to separate themselves from such a painful time in their lives.
It is easy to disconnect from the reality of the numbers and stats when you read about such horrific undertakings in a book. It is easy to brush off what you see in movies as over dramatized and unrealistic. When you are at Auschwitz with the reality staring you in the face it is impossible not to be affected but even then I still think we still have trouble really understanding. As our tour guide reminded us "we can try to imagine what it must have been like, but really and truly we can't even come close".
I apologize for anyone who has been bored to tears by this very focused post but I think it is important to pay attention to this kind of history and always keep it in the back of our mind. The lessons we should learn are still relevant reminding us of the consequences of prejudice and persecution amongst other things.